Black ink was made from a mixture involving oak galls, and a variety of colored inks were made from other minerals such as lapis lazuli for blue and cinnabar for orange. Scribes wrote with quills made from duck or geese feathers that were likewise soaked and placed in heated sand to firm them up the feathers were removed and a nib for writing cut into the tip.
CATS AS SCRIBES IN MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS SKIN
Vellum is made from calf skin while parchment is commonly made from goat or sheep skin.
Parchment and vellum are made by soaking an animal skin in an alkaline bath usually with the mineral lime, then the skin is stretched, scraped, and dried. The most important aspects of manuscripts as defined here are the use of parchment and the use of specific materials and tools to write on the parchment.
The conception of the medieval manuscript is also bound up with the image of male scribes in monasteries, although recent evidence has been discovered to show there were female scribes as well.
When discussing manuscripts from this era, the iconic medieval manuscript from Western Europe and the British Isles written in Latin and associated with the spread of Christianity most commonly comes to mind, although there are many examples of early manuscripts from the Middle East and Asia, such as the gold-lettered manuscripts on black burnished paper from Tibet (see blog post link below). Manuscript literally means "written with the hand," and in the western tradition, manuscripts are hand-written on parchment or vellum, which is untanned animal skin.
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